Proponents of the so - called new agrarian economics - people such as pranab k . bardhan , for example - have argued persuasively that the high rural interest rates endemic in many parts of the world in times past may have been efficient rather than exploitative in light of the high information and transactions costs , risks , market failures , and moral hazards in such areas 例如,包括普拉那博巴德漢在內(nèi)的所謂“新土地經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”支持者有力地指出:如果將世界上許多地區(qū)的高信息成本、高交易成本、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高度市場(chǎng)失敗幾率以及高度道義危害等諸種因素進(jìn)行通盤(pán)考慮,高利息借貸過(guò)去在這些地區(qū)不時(shí)地盛行可能更具有“效益性” 、而非“剝削性”